HANNAH HÖCH

Hannah Höch was born in 1889 in Germany. She studied art in Berlin and worked as a pattern designer and writer on women's handicrafts from 1916-1926. In 1915 she began a friendship with  Raoul Hausmann who was a member of Berlin Dada movement. Then they became more than friends and with their relationship going by they worked together. She is the founder of photomontage.Her most famous piece is Schnitt mit dem Küchenmesser DADA durch die letzte weimarer Bierbauchkulturepoche Deutschlands ("Cut with the Dada Kitchen Knife through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany"), a critique of Weimar Germany in 1919. This piece combines images from newspapers of the time re-created to make a new statement about life and art in the Dada movement. Höch herself expressed herself less politically than many of the others in the group. From 1926-1929 she lived and worked in Holland. She lived for some years in a lesbian relationship with Dutch poet Til Brugman. She died in Berlin at age 88.


      




*http://womenshistory.about.com/od/artpainting/a/hannah_hoch.htm

DADA

Dada movement developed in New York, Zurich, Paris, Berlin, Hanover, Cologne and Barcelona during the World War 1.Young artists came together to express their anger about war.In 1916, Hugo Ball, Emmy Hennings, Tristan Tzara, Jean Arp, Marcel Janco, Richard Huelsenbeck, Sophie Täuber, and Hans Richter, along with others, discussed art and put on performances in the Cabaret Voltaire expressing their disgust with the war and the interests that inspired it. Their target was not only about political, but also about art. The origin of "dada" is from the French word for "hobbyhorse" from baby-talk. Absurdist provocations, whether aggressive or irrevent, challenged the status quo via satire, irony, games and word play. The dadaists practise of dislocating objects from their familiar context and presenting them as art radically altered the conventions of visual art. And Dadaists imitated new technologies like collage, Photomontage, assemblage and readymades.
Hannah Höch-Cut With the Kitchen Knife


Marcel Duchamp-Fountain


*Dempsey Amy, Art in the Modern Era, Harry N. Abrams Inc.,2002

MORGAN RUSSELL

Morgan Russell was born in 1886 in New York. He is the founder-with  Stanton Macdonald-Wright- of the movement Synchromism. He studied architecture and sculpture.Returning to Paris in 1909 he studied at Matisse’s art school. After meeting Stanton Macdonald-Wright in 1911, the two began developing theories about color and its relationship to pattern. With Macdonald-Wright, he co-founded the Synchromist movement in 1912. He exhibited his paintings at the Salon des Indépendants and  famous New York Armory Show. After spending nearly forty years as artist in France from 1909 until 1946, Russell retired to the United States. After suffering two strokes, he died at age 67 near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1953.

SYNCHROMISM

Synchromism-that means colour in Greek- was founded by two American painters, Morgan Russel and Stanton MacDonald-Wright. They were both figurative painters but with the affect of avant-garde artists such as Henri Matisse, Frantisek Kupka, Robert Delaunay. Russell and MacDonald-Wright sought to develop the structural principles of Cubism and the colour theories of the Neo-Impressionists, and their experiments in colour abstraction were to those of the Orphists. In 1913 they issued a manifesto. As Russell was being a musician he tried to create rhythms and music with colour and forms. Their exhibitions placed in Munich and Paris. By the end of the World War 1 Synchromism was almost over with many of its artists returning to figuration. 


 Cosmic Synchromy-Morgan Russell


 Vase of Flowers-MacDonald-Wright


*Dempsey Amy, Art in the Modern Era, Harry N. Abrams Inc.,2002

JUAN GRIS

Juan Gris was born in 1887 in Spain but he spent most of his time in France.
 He studied mechanical drawing in Madrid from 1902 to 1904.  In 1906 he moved to Paris and became friends with Henri Matisse, Georges Braque, Fernand Léger, and in 1915 was painted by his friend, Amedeo Modigliani. He seriously began painting in 1910 then in 1912 he became a Cubist painter. Unlike Picasso and Braque, whose Cubist works were monochromatic, Gris painted with bright harmonious colors. He died in Paris in 1927.


 Portrait of Picasso
        Harlequin with Guitar

*http://www.juangris.org/biography.html

SECTION D'OR

Section d'or means "Golden section" in French. It is a Pariis based movement that has Cubist innovators. The group was active from 1912 to 1914.The groups name was suggested by Jacques Villion. This name reflects that this group concerns geometric forms when they are creating.The movement began with an exhibition at the Galerie La Boetie in Paris in 1912.In addition to featuring works by the Duchamp brothers, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Jacques Villon and Marcel Duchamp, other exhibitors included artists such as Archipenko, Roger de La Fresnaye, Albert Gleizes, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger, André Lhote, Jean Metzinger, Jean Marchand and Francis Picabia, among others. 


City of Paris by Robert Delaunay




*http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531974/Section-dOr
*Bergil, Mehmet Suat; Altın oran : doğada, bilimde, sanatta,1993

GABRIELE MÜNTER

Gabriele Münter was born in 1877.

Because of the official art academies were being closed to women, she had to improve herself privately, first at the Ladies School of Art in Dusseldorf. After that she studied at Phalanx School which was founded by Wassily Kandinsky. They became lovers traveled and painted together for years but their relationship ended because of Kandinsky marrying another women.

She is most well known for her landscapes, many of which were painted in Murnau. Her composition and forms are very flat and the colors are muted. In the early 1900s her style began to change as a result of the influence of Matisse and Fauvism, Gauguin and van Gogh. Her paintings became more representative. Color played a large role in her work for example she used a number of blues, greens, yellows, and pinks that were very unusual. She also found it important that her figures were as abstract as the rest of her piece. Even though her palette was very bright, there seems to be no happiness.








*http://www.glitzqueen.com/art/BRmunter.html

DER BLAUE REITER

Der Blaue Reiter -means the blue rider- started in 1911 in December as a Expressionist German art movement by Kadinsky, Klee, Marc, and Macke.  Painters Kandinsky and Marc worked on an almanac in which they showed their artistic conceptions. The title of the almanac, which then became the name of the group.It came from one of the Kandinsky's painting.
  The Blue Rider-1903-Wassily Kandinsky


The Blue Riders believed that colors, shapes and forms had relationship with sounds and music, and sought to create color harmonies which would be purifying to the soul. Although in this very earliest works, the impressionistic influence was recognizable, the artists who took part in The Blue Rider were considered to be the pioneers of abstract art or abstract expressionism.The Der Blaue Reiter artists were trying to find spiritual truths that they felt impressionists had not conveyed. 


The group was disrupted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. As a result this movement was lasted for 3 years.




*http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c20th/blauereiter.htm

UMBERTO BOCCIONI

Umberto Boccioni  was born in 1882 in Italy. He learned Pointilism in the studio of Giacomo Balla from 1898 to 1902. He met his Futurist collaborator Gino Severini in Rome. Boccioni adapted Filippno Marinetti's idea which glorified the dynamism of modern technology to the visual arts and become the lead of Futurist art. Boccioni was important not only in developing the movement's theories, but also in introducing the stylistic innovations that led to the dynamic, Cubist-like style now so closely associated with them.
He died while volunteering in the Italian army, aged only thirty-three, making him emblematic of the Futurists' celebration of the machine and the violent destructive force of modernity.




"To paint a human figure you must not paint it; you must render the whole of its surrounding atmosphere."


   Dynamism of a Soccer player




*http://www.theartstory.org/artist-boccioni-umberto.htm

FUTURISM

Futurism started in Italy in the early 20th century when Filippo Marinetti announced the first manifesto of Futurism until the end of World War 1. The Futurists love technology, speed and violence. Futurism is grounded in the complete renewal of human sensibility brought about by the great discoviries of science. While Futurism was certainly a product of the industrialized and urban north, Marinetti's internationalism brought a new dimension of experience and a firmer sense of identitiy to artists trapped between the achievements of the ever-present Renaissence.They are supporters of future and modern tools and vehicles like cars, planes. Painters are usually was trying to express the feeling of movement in their paintings.  Futurism was inspired by the development of Cubism and went beyond its techniques.Futurism was a largely Italian movement, although it also had effects in other countries, France and most notably Russia.  Futurism influenced many other 20th century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism and Surrealism.




 Giacomo Balla ,Abstract Speed + Sound

 Example of Futuristic architecture by Antonio Sant'Elia

  Natalia Goncharova, Cyclist, 1913



*http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/C20th/futurism.htm
*http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/glo/futurism/
*Bozolla. Angelo& Tısdall, Caroline; Futurism; Thame and Hudson; 1992

ERICH HECKEL

Erich Heckel was born in Dobeln, in Saxony. In 1904 he went to study architecture at the design Faculty of the Technical University in Dresden. He was a close friend of Karl Schmidt-Rottluff who he met in highschool in 1901.Heckel was an admirer of Van Gogh. His wood-carving was influenced by African sculpture. Like his colleauges in Die Brücke he also spent time mastering a number of printmaking techniques. He typcally painted figures, interiors and landscapes.
  

DIE BRÜCKE

This art movement started in 1905 in Dresden, Germany. Four painters ; Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Ernst Lud­wig Kirchner and Fritz Bleyl came together and named their style as;The Bridge in German because that bridge was intended to "symbolize the link, they would form with art of the future".
Die Brucke made use of a technique that was controlled, intentionally unsophisticated and crude, developing a style hallmarked by expressive distortions and emphases. Die Brucke artists often used color similar to the Fauves, and they were also influenced by art form from Africa and Oceania.   Most of Die Brücke were untrained in art, but the harsh colors and distorted shapes in their work successfully expressed their strong feelings and vivid imaginations. The dramatic contrasts of black and white in their woodcuts, a medium they revived, were especially effective. The group moved to Berlin in 1910 and disbanded in controversy in 1913. 
Painting of the group members by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner 1926/7

*http://www.msxlabs.org/forum/sanat/267042-sanat-akimlari-die-brucke-kopru.html#ixzz1rR3KmjjB

*http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c20th/diebrucke.htm
*http://the-artists.org/artistsbymovement/die-Brucke

ANDRE DERAIN

Andre Derain was born in 1880 in France. He was the co-founder of the Fauvism with Henri Matisse. Derain and Matisse worked together through the summer of 1905 in the Mediterranean village of Collioure and later that year displayed their highly innovative paintings at the Salon d'Automne.  Derain painted multiple pictures of the Thames and Tower Bridge. These London paintings remain among his most popular work. ZAfter moving to Montmarte to be close to Van Gogh and his friends, he started using more pale colors tahn the brighter ones in Fauvism. His paintings also showed the properties of Cubism and Paul Cezanne.


 Charing Cross Bridge
 Portrait of a Man with a Newspaper


*Clement, Russell (1994). Les Fauves: A Sourcebook. Greenwood Press
*http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain

LES FAUVES

Les Fauves(Fauvism) is a style that began in early 20th century.Les Fauves means in French : "wild beasts". Famous art critic Louis Vauxcelles gave this name when he was visiting an Fauvist exhibition.  They did not last long but it brought a new point of view to the modern art. The leading artists involved were Matisse, Rouault, Derain, Vlaminck, Braque and Dufy. 
According to the legendary story of Fauvism, some venturesome young men shocked Parisian art world in 1905 by exhibiting paintings such unprecedented, birilliant color that they were condemned as wild beasts. The young Fauves, however continued their couragesous attack on the art that had gone before-formless, delicately tinted Impressionism, and the literary, oversophisticated work of the Nabis. When the great art of Cezanne, however was revealed to them at a retrospective in October 1907, they recognized that their youthful exuberance had led them astray. They soon returned ,to a naturalistic palette and more carefully structured compositions.
 Self-portrait in studio-André Derain


Fauvism was characterised by paintings that used intensely vivid, non-naturalistic and exuberant colours. The style was essentially expressionist, and generally featured landscapes in which forms were distorted. The Fauves first exhibited together in 1905 in Paris. 
  Portrait of Madame Matisse-Henri Matisse


*http://www.artmovements.co.uk/fauvism.htm
*T.Clement Russell, Les Fauves a Sourcebook,1994, Greenwood Press

AUGUST MACKE

August Macke was born in Mecshede, Germany in 1887. In his first trip to Paris he saw work of the Impressionists and went to Berlin to work in a studio.  His style was formed within the mode of French Impressionism and Post-impressionism and later went through a Fauve period. In 1910, through his friendship with Franz Marc, Macke met Kandinsky and for a while shared the non-objective aesthetic and the mystical and symbolic interests of Der Blaue Reiter.

 The paintings concentrate primarily on expressing emotion, his style of work represents feelings and moods rather than reproducing objective reality, usually distorting colour and form. He died in 1914.

 Turkish Cafe

 Turkish Jewel Trader

 View of an Alley

*http://www.augustmacke.org/

EXPRESSIONISM

Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, started in Germany and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements. In this art movement unlike others, artists create what they feel not to reproduce the impression suggested by the surrounding world. Expressionist artist replace the common known figure with his own image of this object.
Just before Expressionism there was a crystallization of living and of art into approved and recognized molds. Morals were codified, a rigid model of living was set up, every activity of man was charted, and sanctioned and forbidden. Expressionism represents a new stage reached in art's upward climb: that is the art proper to the present-day expanding world, and rightly diffewrent from the art of the tight-bound 19th century society.
 Lady in a Green Jacket- August Macke
 On White- Wassily Kandinski

In architecture, two specific buildings are identified as Expressionist: Bruno Taut's Glass Pavilion of the CologneWerkbund Exhibition (1914)



 and Erich Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower in Potsdam.






*Cheney,Sheldon; Expressionism in Art, Liveright Publishing, 1958
*http://www.artmovements.co.uk/expressionism.htm